1, to see smoke, check smoke engine normal work, generally do not smoke or take some light gray smoke, sometimes difficult to see with the naked eye. If black smoke is emitted, it indicates that the cylinder contains less oil and less combustion, and if the blue smoke is emitted, the wear gap between the cylinder liner and the piston, the valve, and the valve guide is too large. If white smoke is emitted, the fuel is mixed with water. , Or diesel fuel is not completely burned, vaporized and emerges from the exhaust pipe.
2, see coke, check engine diesel exhaust port was dark gray, the surface covered with a layer of white frost, carbon layer is very thin, indicating that the diesel engine working conditions are good. Carbon black color, but not wet, indicating that the diesel engine slightly burned oil, should be promptly removed; a cylinder exhaust thickness is significantly higher than the other cylinder exhaust port, indicating that the cylinder injector malfunction or cylinder seal Deterioration should be repaired or replaced; individual exhaust outlets moist or organic oil, indicating that the cylinder a large number of rows of oil, should be repaired; each cylinder vents are thick carbon layer, and the color darker, more The operating temperature is too low, or the fuel injection is too late, and the diesel fuel burns seriously. It should be used correctly and adjusted in time.
3, see the smoke up and down, check wear in the engine work, open the oil cover, if there is a stock of smoke from the oil outlet, said the next smoke, smoke serious phenomenon, indicating the piston, cylinder liner, piston Rings and other serious wear and tear.
Open the valve chamber cover, if there is a trace of blue or white smoke emerging from the valve root (valve working face), said smoking, smoking is serious, indicating that the valve or valve seat wear serious or ablation, or valve clearance Too small or even no gaps. By observing the smoking situation, you can directly see which valve or cylinder is leaking and repair it in time.
4, see the valve timing, check the valve phase After long-term work, the timing gear, cam surface, follower column and tappet will wear, so that the intake valve, exhaust valve opening and closing time delay and deviate The best valve drive axle is one of the important signs of heavy-duty special vehicles. Its basic structure is as follows:
(1) Central dual-stage drive axle. In the current domestic market, there are two main types of central two-stage drive axles: one such as the Eaton series, which reserves space in the single-stage reducer in advance, and when required to increase traction and speed ratio, can be installed Into the cylindrical planetary gear reducer, the original central single-stage into a central two-stage drive axle, this restructuring "three" degree is high, the axle housing, the main reducer, etc. can be universal, the diameter of the spray gear is unchanged; the other Such as the Rockwell series products, when it is necessary to increase the traction force and speed ratio, it is necessary to reform the first stage gear, and then install the second stage cylindrical spur gear or helical gear to become the required central double-stage drive axle. The axle housing is universal, the main reducer is not universal, and the bowl gear has two specifications. Since the above-mentioned central dual-stage speed reduction bridges are all models that derive as a series of products when the speed ratio of the central single-stage bridge exceeds a certain value or the total mass of the traction is large, they are hardly deformed into front drive axles, and their use is affected. Certain restrictions. Therefore, comprehensively speaking, the double-speed reduction bridge is generally not developed as a basic type of drive axle, but is a driving axle derived as a special consideration.
(2) Central single-stage reduction axle. The central single-stage deceleration drive axle is the simplest one in the drive axle structure, and it is the basic form of the drive axle. It dominates in trucks. Generally, when the main transmission ratio is less than 6, the central single-stage reduction axle should be used as far as possible. The current central single-stage reducer tends to use a hyperbolic spiral bevel gear, the active pinion uses a horse-riding support, and a differential lock device is available.
(3) Central single-stage, wheel-side reduction axle. Wheel reducer axles are widely used in non-road vehicles and military vehicles such as oil fields, construction sites, and mines. The current wheel speed reduction bridge can be divided into two categories: one is a conical planetary gear type wheel speed reduction bridge, which is used by Volvo and Renault; the other type is a cylindrical planetary gear type wheel speed reduction drive axle, Mercedes-Benz and Scandinavian. Nanya, China National Heavy Duty Truck and Chongqing Heavy Duty Truck Co., Ltd. have adopted this type of axle; the wheel-side reducer consisting of a conical planetary gear type transmission has a wheel reduction ratio of a fixed value of 2, which is generally composed of a single-stage bridge A series. In this series, the central single-stage bridge is still independent and can be used alone. The output torque of the bridge needs to be increased. When the traction force is increased or the speed ratio is increased, the central final drive can be added without adding the central final drive. Conical planetary gear reducers can become double tips. The difference between this type of bridge and the central two-stage reduction bridge is that the torque transmitted by the half shaft is reduced, and the increased torque is directly added to the wheel reducer at the two shaft ends, and the degree of tri-degree is higher. However, this kind of bridge has a fixed value of 2 because of the wheel reduction ratio. Therefore, the size of the central final drive is still relatively large, and it is generally used for road and off-road military vehicles. Single row, ring gear fixed cylindrical planetary gear reduction bridge, the general reduction ratio between 3-4.2. Due to the large wheel reduction ratio, the speed ratio of the central final reducer is generally less than 3, so that the spray gear can take a smaller diameter to ensure the requirements of heavy vehicles for ground clearance. This kind of bridge is more massive than the single-stage reducer, the price is also more expensive, and there is gear transmission in the wheelchair. Driving on the road for a long time will generate a lot of heat and cause overheating. Therefore, as a driving bridge for road vehicles, it is not as good as a central single-stage reduction bridge. In phase, the charging efficiency is reduced and the engine power is reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to regularly check the phase of the engine's gas distribution. If it does not meet the requirements, it should be adjusted in time.
5, look at the water temperature, check the cooling system If the engine works when the cooling system water temperature is too high (more than 100 °C), you can explain the engine cooling water chamber scale is too thick or cooling related parts (thermostat, pumps, fans, etc.) inefficient Or failure.
6, see the compression force, check the leakage to s195 diesel engine as an example, the method of checking the compression force is not decompression under the condition of shaking the crankshaft, when the shake is greater than the compression force, then shake up a strong, loose Put the handle but do not leave the handle. If there is a large rebound force at this time, the compressive force is very good. Otherwise, the compressive force is poor.
The reason for the poor sealing performance of the cylinder is that the valve has no clearance or the clearance is too small, the clearance between the piston and the cylinder sleeve and the end face of the piston ring is too large, and the ring groove deposits carbon. When the engine is working, if there is a buzzing sound of air blowing close to the air filter, the leak is related to the valve. At this point, the cause of the failure can be confirmed by the combination of smoking conditions.
7, see the ignition, check sooner or later see the ignition is to check whether the fuel injection timing, that is, whether the fuel supply advance angle meets the requirements. If the oil supply is too late (small advance angle), then the diesel engine is difficult to start, the combustion is incomplete, the exhaust gas is smoked, the engine temperature is too high, and the power is insufficient; if the fuel supply is too early (the advance angle is too large), the diesel engine will knock when working. Slamming, easy to damage parts, easy to reverse when starting, but also shadow. With crane model engine power.
8, see the fuel injection, check the stuck fuel injection pump injection should not be biased, do not drip oil, oil mist evenly, the range is appropriate, can be heard when working crisp; flapping, flapping sound, touch the high pressure tubing pulse sense. Good fuel injection does not completely explain the oil line parts without problems. Therefore, it is also necessary to check whether the supply rod and the fork are stuck or loose.
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