Bauxite reserves of only 2.6% of the world, 700 million t, and more than 90% of the deposition bauxite, aluminum ore is a diaspore, alumina is a high silica, low iron, insoluble The medium and low grade bauxite mine can be mined and utilized less. China's existing reserves of bauxite resources are low, the number is small, the quality is not good, and self-sufficiency is insufficient. At present, the truly exploitable and competitive reserves of bauxite mines in China are only about 150 million tons. According to the mining capacity of bauxites of 21.6 million tons in 2008, the static exploitable years of bauxite mines in China are less than 7 years. With the rapid development of the domestic economy, the aluminum project has seen a blind increase in the past two years. In 2008, 33 aluminum mining and mining projects were under construction, with an investment of 660 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 74%. Alumina production was 22.78 million tons, accounting for 54.8% of the world. With the rapid growth of alumina production and insufficient domestic effective resources, China's bauxite imports have grown rapidly. The rapid growth of bauxite imports and the high concentration of imports will seriously affect the stable and rapid development of China's aluminum industry. At present, China's bauxite mineral dependence is as high as 60%. It is estimated that by 2010, the import of bauxite will exceed 30 million tons. More than 70% of the world's bauxite reserves and reserves are concentrated in Guinea, Vietnam, Australia, Jamaica and Brazil. The reserves of Australia and Guinea are close to 50% of the world's reserves, and Vietnam, Jamaica and Brazil exceed 20% of the world's reserves. At present, China has not made major breakthroughs in the development of bauxite resources abroad. To protect China's national interests and the healthy development of the aluminum industry, it is necessary to establish a rational use of foreign bauxite resources as soon as possible.
I. Analysis of the unfavorable situation faced by China in utilizing foreign bauxite resources
(1) The world's bauxite resources are highly concentrated in five countries such as Guinea.
As of the end of 2008, the world's bauxite reserves were 27 billion tons, the reserve base was 38 billion tons, and the resources were estimated to be 55 billion to 75 billion tons. More than 70% of the world's bauxite reserves and reserves are concentrated in Guinea, Vietnam, Australia, Jamaica and Brazil.
The reserves of Guinea and Australia are close to 50% of the world's total reserves, reaching 13.2 billion tons. Vietnam, Jamaica and Brazil exceed 20% of the world's reserves.
(2) Multinational aluminum companies continue to expand overseas investment, make full use of capital and technological advantages, and strengthen the control of high-quality bauxite resources, resulting in the gradual weakening of the control and influence of bauxite resources on their own bauxite resources.
In order to obtain huge profits and promote global resource strategy, large multinational aluminum companies in western countries try to monopolize and allocate bauxite resources in the world for profit. Taking full advantage of capital and technical advantages, they have invested in overseas high-quality bauxite production areas, controlled a large number of bauxite mining rights, production and production capacity, and controlled the world's abundant reserves of high-quality bauxite resources, but caused aluminum The control of the country's bauxite resources is gradually weakened by the countries of the land and mineral resources. For example, although Australia is a large bauxite country in the world, with abundant reserves of 5.8 billion tons, accounting for 21.5% of the world's total reserves, its resource exploitation rights and bauxite production capacity and output are both by multinational mining companies in the United Kingdom and the United States. (RTZ, Alcoa, BHP Billi-ton) control. Although the domestic bauxite resources are relatively scarce, the multinational aluminum companies such as Alcoa control 25% of the world's bauxite production capacity and control nearly one-third of the world's production. More than 40% of the bauxite mines in the other two major bauxite countries, Jamaica and Brazil, are controlled by multinational companies (Kaiser, Alcoa, Hydro).
(3) The multinational aluminum company has expanded its scale through mergers and other means, and the concentration of the industry has increased rapidly.
Multinational companies with advanced science and technology, strong capital strength and rich management experience, to expand the scale through mergers and other means, so that the industry concentration bauxite industry greatly increased. In recent years, the global aluminum industry has continued to wave of acquisitions and mergers, enhancing overall strength and industry competitiveness, and greatly strengthening the control and influence of the global aluminum market. At present, the most influential multinational aluminum companies include Alcoa, Rio Tinto and CBG08, which control the production capacity and output of 70% of the world's alumina and bauxite.
(4) China's bauxite imports are increasing year by year, and the degree of dependence on foreign countries remains high.
From 2006 to 2007, with the rapid growth of domestic alumina projects and the rapid increase in production, the supply of alumina to the demand for bauxite increased, and the contradiction between supply and demand of bauxite was further intensified. The surge in imports of bauxite and raw materials has become a distinct feature of China's bauxite and raw material imports. Table 1 shows the import of bauxite and aluminum ore products from 2005 to 2008 in China. In 2008, the import of bauxite ore was 25.79 million tons, an increase of 11% year-on-year, with a total value of 1.6 billion US dollars. In recent years, the number of bauxite imports in China has surged, resulting in a high degree of dependence on foreign countries. The dependence of bauxite in China is as high as 60%, which seriously affects the healthy and rapid development of our aluminum industry.
Table 1 China's bauxite and aluminum ore products import table 2005-2008 10,000 t / 10,000 US dollars
product name | 2005 | year 2006 | 2007 | Year 2008 | |||||
the amount | value | the amount | value | the amount | value | the amount | value | ||
import | Bauxite | 216.6 | 7170 | 968.3 | 31941 | 2320.8 | 103058 | 2579 | 164359 |
Aluminum waste | 169.3 | 136928 | 176.5 | 191092 | 211.4 | 244859 | 215.5 | 254018 | |
Source: National Statistics and Price Report on Mineral Products Supply and Marketing (2005-2008), Department of Mineral Resources Reserve Management, Ministry of Land and Resources; Nonferrous Metals Statistics (2005.1-12009.1), China Nonferrous Metals Industry Information Center; China Customs Statistical Yearbook (2005) -2008), General Administration of Customs of the People's Republic of China.
(5) China's bauxite production accounts for 10% of the world's total output, while imported bauxite resources are highly concentrated.
In 2008, bauxite production in the world's bauxite-producing countries such as Guinea, Australia, Brazil and Jamaica with abundant bauxite reserves and good grades exceeded 75% of global production, of which Australia's production accounted for global production. 30%, while China only accounts for 10%. However, in 2008, China imported 25.79 million tons of bauxite, an increase of 11% over the previous year. Imports mainly came from Indonesia (17.09 million tons), Australia (4.99 million tons) and India (3.5 million tons) from the last three countries. Imported bauxite resources accounted for 99% of the current year's imports.
Second, the countermeasures to ensure the safe and stable supply of bauxite resources in China
(1) Directly participating in the world's large aluminum multinational companies to comprehensively curb the formation of monopoly of world bauxite resources
China is a major importer of bauxite and a major consumer. In order to protect the safety and national interests of China's aluminum industry, large aluminum companies should be encouraged to invest in large bauxite-rich countries such as Australia, Guinea, Brazil and Jamaica. Bauxite resources, master part of its equity, actively participate in new capacity and production construction, and sign long-term agreements to avoid market risks, stabilize supply channels, and curb the formation of monopoly of international bauxite resources. We will vigorously support large aluminum enterprises to set up factories directly abroad, establish relatively stable raw material production bases, make full use of the advanced technology, strong financial strength and strong geographical advantages of large aluminum enterprises, and implement a number of large-scale alumina projects to protect China's National interests, economic security and the healthy development of the aluminum industry.
(2) Import bauxite from neighboring countries and regions as much as possible, and may seek bauxite from Southeast Asia, South America, Africa and Australia.
China's bauxite import sources are basically located in close neighbor countries and regions. This practice is extremely beneficial to the protection of China's aluminum industry trade security, stability and promotion of industry development. As far as possible, the purchase of bauxite will reach South America and Africa, and the future sources of aluminum resources will depend on Southeast Asia, South America, Africa and Australia. Because Australia is the world's largest producer and exporter of bauxite, the bauxite resources are abundant, the scale of the deposit is large, and it is easy to pick and choose. The most important thing is the distance. However, in the future, whether there is a huge supply potential for China depends on the future industrial policy and development status of its bauxite resources. In recent years, China can import bauxite from Australia in large quantities. However, from the perspective of energy conservation and emission reduction and economics, it is also a wise way to invest and build factories in Australia and use resources on the spot. India's domestic development of aluminum smelting industry, so the future supply potential of bauxite to China is extremely limited. In 2008, the output of Indonesian bauxite exports in China was around 17.09 million tons. Guinea's bauxite reserves account for 30% of the world's left, and other major bauxite producers such as Guyana and Brazil, their bauxite resources have not been fully and effectively developed, and they do not have a huge supply potential for China in the future.
(3) Based on domestic and full use of domestic bauxite resources, domestic exploration of bauxite resources should be strengthened, bauxite resources should be increased, and domestic bauxite resources should be fully and reasonably saved to ensure national economy and aluminum. Sustainable development of the industry. Scientific, rational and efficient management is also required to strengthen the rational and orderly mining of bauxite mines. Protect large-scale bauxite deposits, resolutely eliminate indiscriminate mining, fully and rationally utilize various associated mineral components, encourage enterprises to adopt advanced technology and equipment, improve resource utilization rate, and realize comprehensive utilization of bauxite resources.
(4) Several strategic reserves for establishing bauxite resources
China's bauxite resources reserve is low, the amount of aluminum resources is small, the quality is poor, and self-sufficiency is insufficient. In 2008, China's bauxite production reached 21.6 million tons, ranking third in the world, and asymmetrical with China's aluminum mine resources of 700 million tons. Based on current bauxite production levels, the static guarantee period for bauxite reserves is estimated to be approximately 32 years. However, the current bauxite mine has a recoverable value and competitive reserves of only about 150 million tons. According to the domestic bauxite mining capacity, the static mining life of bauxite is less than 7 years. Along with the sustained and rapid growth of the domestic economy, some experts have suggested that the static guarantee level of domestic bauxite resources will be lower and lower. In the long run, the establishment of a strategic reserve base for domestic bauxite resources will play a fundamental role in ensuring the stable and safe supply of bauxite resources in China.
It is recommended that the State Bureau of Material Reserves implement the bauxite resource reserve. The primary target should reach 90 days of consumption, and with the different stages of economic development, it is necessary to increase the strategic reserve of relevant bauxite products in a timely manner.
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