1 Composition of mine reserves
1.1 Mineral reserves (geological reserves)
The mineral reserves held by the production mines consist of mineral reserves and production of ore. Mineral reserves (commonly referred to as geological reserves) are geological exploration, infrastructure exploration and production exploration. After exploration, the deposit (mine body) is confirmed, and its spatial distribution, occurrence, shape, scale and quality are proved. The amount of in-situ mineral resources developed for the current industrial and technological economic conditions. It is part of the mine's mineral resources that have been explored for proven mineral resources.
The production of ore is based on the proven use of reserves, according to the design requirements, to complete the preparation of the corresponding mining stage, according to the requirements of the production technical and economic indicators, calculate the mining capacity in the corresponding mining preparation engineering system, as mine mining ( Stripping) The basis for cutting design and production planning. According to the corresponding mining facilities and engineering preparation levels of different mining methods, the production ore is divided into three types of mining, mining, and preparatory mining, or the development and preparation of secondary minerals.
Exploiting the ore amount refers to the completion of the system and the adjacent ore bodies mined by the design in accordance with the proven level of exploration, and the calculation of the mines. All the mines outside the recovered pillars can be mined using existing development projects.
The quasi-mineral quantity refers to the calculation of the non-permanent mine within the scope of completing all the mining and auxiliary engineering systems specified in the design on the basis of the exploration level and the exploitation of the corresponding level. The pillars, the pillars that are not recovered at the same time, the mines with complicated mining conditions, technical and economical exploitation, and all the mines outside the block that do not meet the mining order, which can be used for mining by the existing mining engineering system, it is to develop Part of the mine.
The reserve quantity refers to the preparation work for comprehensive recovery, cutting and other mining in accordance with the order required by the mining method. All the calculations can be carried out except for the pillars without the cutting engineering and the measures that have no measures to solve the complicated mining conditions. There is already a mining preparation project for mining, which is part of the mining quantity.
According to the needs of mineral statistics work, the mineral reserves of production mines are divided into: total reserves of mines, recoverable reserves, retained reserves and new reserves. The total reserves of the mine generally refer to the accumulated proven reserves submitted to the mine by the geological exploration department at the initial stage of the mine infrastructure design. Recoverable reserves are those that can be recovered from proven or potentially exploitable reserves under current industrial production mining technology economic conditions. Its calculation formula is:
Probable recoverable reserves = proven reserves × mining recovery rate %
Proved recoverable reserves = proven reserves × mining recovery % × processing and processing recovery
The retained reserves refer to the actual reserves of the proven mineral reserves after deducting the mining and loss.
New and upgraded reserves: New reserves refer to newly discovered mineral reserves in mine production and construction compared with previous years; upgraded reserves refer to the increase in reserves level after further production exploration and research based on the original proven reserves level. Reserves.
2 Mineral reserve calculation
2.1 Calculation of mineral reserves
2.1.1 Purpose and requirements
The purpose of the production of mines for the production of mineral reserves is mainly to provide the necessary information for the mining design, the preparation of the mining plan and the production management.
The requirement for the calculation of mine mineral reserves is that the industrial indicators used in the calculation of reserves must conform to the actual situation of the mine; the selection of ore body, parameter calculation and reserve calculation method should be correct and reasonable, based on sufficient data and reliable; the division of blocks should not only be different Reserve level, different ore type, grade division, and according to each mining section, each ore, and each pillar, calculate the reserves more accurately; the level of geological and production reserves must be calculated according to relevant regulations and standards; geological reserves The degree of exploration and research, the degree of development or preparation of production minerals can not meet the corresponding level requirements, can not be included in the corresponding level for calculation; all kinds of reserves calculation results, need to prepare a systematic, complete calculation table of various parameters and related drawings The calculation chart should meet the accuracy requirements of the relevant parameters and the statistical calculations and results of the reserves, and the scale should meet the needs of mine production.
2.1.2 General procedure for reserve calculation
A. Determine the industrial indicators for the calculation of reserves;
B. Calculate the block of the ore body or the reserves according to the industrial indicators;
C. Determine the area of ​​the ore body or block segment on the reserve calculation map, calculate the average thickness, average ore weight and average grade of the ore; calculate the volume of each ore body or section; calculate the ore volume of the ore body or block;
D. Calculating the reserves of useful components;
2.2 ore body boundary line and its delineation
There are many boundary lines that must be divided in the calculation of reserves, but the main ones are: zero boundary line, recoverable boundary line, temporarily unavailable boundary line, reserve level boundary line, ore type and ore grade. It must be pointed out that no matter which method is used to delineate the ore body, the geological conditions of the ore body should be carefully analyzed and researched. Based on the correct understanding of the geological conditions, the circled and connected maps should be delineated and must not be mechanically delineated. And the connection diagram, in order to obtain reliable basic data for reserves calculation. To this end, the following issues must be noted when delineating ore bodies and connected drawings:
A. Repeated comparison of vertical and horizontal sections of the ore body: On the ore body section, if multiple ore bodies appear, attention must be paid to the corresponding problems between the ore bodies. At this time, it is not possible to correspond to a set of sectional drawings alone, but it is necessary to study the geological conditions of another set of perpendicular sections, and then carry out the corresponding and delineation of the ore body.
B. Pay attention to the structural control of ore-forming: It is necessary to understand that the mineralization is controlled by fractures and folds, and is also controlled by the stratum level, unconformity, etc., and the occurrence of these structures must be clarified.
C. Pay attention to the tectonic deformation after mineralization: When delineating the ore body, it is necessary to pay attention to the research and analysis to control the change of the ore-forming rock formation and the structural traces after mineralization, otherwise it is easy to produce errors.
D. Pay attention to the analysis of mineralization characteristics: Attention should be paid to the analysis of the mineralization characteristics of the ore body in the connection diagram, whether it is filling ore-forming or mineralization, the mineralization sequence of different ore types, and the distribution relationship between oxidized ore and primary ore. If you do not pay attention to these mineralization characteristics, it is easy to lead to wrong connection.
2.3 Reserve calculation method
Commonly used in production mines are the geological block method, the mining block method and the nearest regional method (polygonal method). Following a basic principle, a complex shape ore body is transformed into a simple shape roughly equal to the volume, and the mineralized complex state is changed into a uniform state within the influence range, thereby calculating its volume, ore amount, and average grade. , metal amount.
3 Production ore calculation
Dividing and calculating the amount of mines: According to the regulations of mine design, the tunnel engineering of the underground development system has been completed, forming a complete transportation, ventilation, drainage, water supply, pressure, electricity, lighting system (filling method still has filling system) ), and on this basis, the mining project can be arranged, and the available (inside) minerals distributed above this level of development are called exploiting minerals. For the protection of surface rivers, buildings, transportation routes and important underground projects, such as shafts, inclined shafts, slip mines, etc., the permanent pillars should be calculated separately. Only when the above-mentioned protected objects are abolished or if the security pillars are allowed to be recovered, the amount of minerals can be classified.
Division and calculation of mining ore content: Within the scope of the already developed ore body, the specified mining project is completed according to the designed mining method, and the shape of the mining area is formed, and the amount of minerals distributed in the mining area is called Mining minerals. The mining engineering has different regulations depending on the mining method. It generally refers to the auxiliary transportation along the veins, the crossing veins, the mining area patio, the cutting roadway and the uphill, the mine roadway, the grid screen chamber, the slip mine, the filling well and so on. The amount of ore in the top column, the bottom column and the middle pillar is only in the completion of the mining work specified in the pillar recovery method, and does not violate the mining sequence and mining safety requirements, and it is expected that the adjacent pillars will be in one year after the mine mining is completed. When the right and left can be recovered, the mining amount can be included.
The division and calculation of the reserve quantity: in the mining area (block section) where the mining project is completed, according to the mining method, various cutting projects are completed, and the amount of mining that can be immediately recovered is called the reserve quantity. Also known as the amount of return mining. The amount of reserve is generally reached! The ore amount of the top and bottom pillars and the intermediate pillars can only be included in the reserve quantity when the cutting project is completed according to the design method of the designed pillar recovery method and the mining safety conditions allow for the recovery. If some mining sites are not allowed to recover due to violation of the mining order, or if production is stopped due to accidents, ground pressure activities, etc., and production cannot be resumed in a short period of time, the ore volume of this stope cannot be included in the reserve.
4 Mine reserve calculation
4.1 Statistics on changes in mine reserves
The purpose of the mine reserve change statistics is to keep track of the increase and decrease of mine reserves for the mine planning, geological and production departments, to carry out the approval and reimbursement of reserves, and to grasp the level of preparation for mining, so that the development and approval work can be combined with the recovery. Maintain balance and coordination between explorations to ensure that the normal production and future development of the mine provide a basis for the needs of mineral resources.
The sources of mine reserves change statistics include: geological exploration and production exploration reserves calculation data, production ore calculation data, stope production data, mining depletion and loss calculation data.
The statistics on reserves changes generally require quarterly and unit-by-unit statistics. Monthly statistical stope (block segment), quarterly or semi-annual statistical ore body, middle section (step), annual statistical changes in reserves of the whole mine area (wellfield or open pit). At the same time, it is required to have different types of geological reserves and production minerals, different natural types and industrial grades, and various minerals that have been preserved, mined, by-product, mine, pillar, loss, deposit and reserve. The statistics are separately calculated, and the corresponding reserve statistics account is established.
4.2 Reimbursement of reserves
Reserve reimbursement refers to the write-off or subtraction of reserves depleted or reduced by various reasons after the calculation of reserves. It mainly includes the following situations; after the local survey and quality inspection department acceptance, the certificate clarifies the reserves that have been collected; after supplementing geological exploration or production exploration, re-deline the ore body and calculate the reserves with reasonable industrial indicators revised and proved, and identify If the mineral reserves are indeed reduced, they should be submitted for verification and verification once with the annual report. The amount of minerals lost due to natural causes, geological structure of the deposit or mining technology management, and indeed can not be mined, is a reimbursement of scrap nature. The treatment method is: the normal loss of a type of mining design, with the annual reserves reported and written off once; the other type of abnormal mining losses caused by geological, safe conditions, irregular operations, poor technical management and accidents, etc. Submit a written report.
4.3 Reserve Management Work
Mine reserves management is jointly responsible for the mine geological, measurement and mining departments, and comprehensive management of the quantity and quality of mineral reserves. The central issue is “open source†and “throttleâ€. Generally, quarterly and annual meetings are held to analyze the production of mineral resources and geological reserves, to study the reserves and problems of mine reserves, and to develop effective measures for reserve management: to establish a record of reserves change statistics, to make a reserve calculation chart, and to adhere to the reserves report and reimbursement system. In addition, it should also: strengthen mine prospecting and geological exploration work, expand mineral reserves, extend mine service life; improve mining methods, reduce mining depletion and loss, and try to recover residual ore, pillars and off-balance-sheet mines; Strengthen the quality management of excavation, mining, ore-mining and ore blending, and strive to improve the recovery rate; adhere to the rational mining (exfoliation) sequence, strengthen the production exploration and production geological guidance, enable the production of minerals to meet the prescribed standards in time, and make the mine Maintain high efficiency and consistently balance production.
5 Ore depletion and loss calculation
5.1 The concept of ore depletion and loss
The concept of ore depletion and loss: ore depletion refers to the mixing of waste rock (surrounding rock, stone and extra-balanced ore) in the ore that is mined during the mining process due to geological conditions and mining techniques. , or the partial dissolution of the useful components caused by the reduction of the crystal position of the industrial ore is called ore depletion, also referred to as "depleted". The percentage of the grade of the ore recovered and the average grade of the ore body (or ore) is called the grade reduction rate, also known as the ore depletion rate, or simply the “depletion rateâ€. The amount of waste rock mixed with the amount of ore (commonly known as "mao ore", that is, the sum of industrial ore and waste rock) is called the waste rock mixing rate, indicating the degree of mixing of waste rock.
Ore loss refers to the phenomenon that industrial ore is not fully harvested or lost ore is lost due to various reasons (such as complex geological conditions, improper mining methods, ore mining, transportation problems, etc.) during the production process. Among them, the amount of industrial ore lost in the mining process and the percentage of ore reserves in the stope (or mining area), called the ore loss rate, indicates the extent of industrial ore loss. Correspondingly, the percentage of industrial ore produced and the original ore reserves of the stope (or mining area) is called ore recovery rate, or ore mining recovery rate, also known as ore recovery. The amount of metal in the industrial ore lost during the mining process and the percentage of the original metal reserves in the stope (or mining area) shall be referred to as the metal loss rate; and the total amount of metal in the ore and the original possessed metal of the stope The percentage of reserves, called metal recovery. Therefore, in the mining process, some non-metallic minerals often only need to calculate the waste rock mixing rate, ore loss rate and ore recovery rate; while the metal mines must calculate the ore depletion rate and metal recovery rate (metal loss rate). Equal to the ore loss rate).
5.2 Ore depletion and loss classification
According to the depletion classification related to the mining operation process: the first depletion: refers to the depletion caused by the surrounding rock, the stone and the ore taken together due to the unclear boundary of the rock during rock drilling and blasting. . Second depletion: in the process of ore-extracting, because the surrounding rock of the two plates or roof is not stable, or due to poor management, the surrounding rock collapses into the ore caused by the ore; or in the secondary crushing (because the block is too large) ) and during the shipping process, due to surrounding rock, waste rock or filling.
Losses can be divided into two types: one is the uncollected loss, that is, the loss caused by the various pillars and the roof part, which is also required to be left in accordance with the mining design regulations, also known as the design loss; The shape of the ore body is complex, the technical conditions of the mining, the boundary of the ore body is unclear, or the uncollected loss caused by improper technical measures and poor organization and management, also known as construction loss. The other is the loss of mining, which is the loss that occurs during ore mining, loading, transportation and filling after the ore is taken. Non-mining losses refer to losses unrelated to mining methods and mining technology management. For example, due to the failure of the fault fracture zone or the strong fold deformation, the ore cannot be completely produced; the security pillar is left to prevent the water from flowing into the tunnel, and the security mine left to protect the wellbore, the ground building, the river, the reservoir, the traffic main road, etc. Permanent damage caused by the column.
5.3 Calculation of ore depletion and loss
The calculation of ore depletion and loss should be carried out in stages, phases, sub-designs and actualities, respectively, according to the mining unit. When underground mining, it is required to calculate and count according to different mining methods, ore bodies, mining houses and pillars. Generally, the ore block (mining yard) is taken as the basic unit, and from the calculation of each blasting layer, the mining area, the middle section, and the pit (well field) are integrated into the whole mining area, and finally the total poverty of the whole pit or the whole mining area is obtained. And total losses. The calculation method adopts the direct method, which is only applicable to the stope that the geodetic survey personnel can enter. That is, in the stope (mineral house), the amount of ore collected or lost is directly measured, and the mixed waste rock (surrounding rock, stone, etc.) is collected. The quantity and related grades are compared with the original industrial ore reserves and their grades to determine the corresponding depletion rate and loss rate. The utility model has the advantages that the stratification can be calculated according to the blasting, and the accuracy is high; and the combination with the production management of the stope is easy to directly find out the location, quantity and cause of the depletion and loss, and corrective measures are taken in time; and the calculation is simple, It is more efficient and therefore widely used. However, it should be pointed out that under normal circumstances, that is, when the mining body (or ore nugget) belongs to a dense block ore with clear boundary with the surrounding rock, the surrounding rock (with the stone) is basically free of useful components, while the high grade ore does not occur. When (or less) occurs, the waste rock mixing rate can be used instead of the depletion rate (ie, the grade reduction rate). And the former is also easy to find and calculate. This is also one of the reasons for the current unclear and inconsistent application of depletion rate and waste rock mixing rate.
Calculation parameters: design ore depletion rate, waste rock mixing rate and ore loss rate calculation parameters, etc., all on the mining design map, according to the ore body (block section) delineation range, design mining or caving range, mining before mining Sampling data is obtained.
The method for determining the main calculation parameters of the actual depletion rate and loss rate is calculated by the parallel section method or the mining block method that calculates the reserves. In the case of a horizontal stratified filling method or a mining method, the area of ​​the ore body (or rock) and the calculated average stratification height are calculated on the upper and lower face sketches of each layer. Mine (rock) average weight.
Measured method: The ground surveying personnel can measure the area of ​​the goaf and the mining height in the field of view, and directly obtain the corresponding amount of mining. When the ore is extracted a number of classes or class tub, pour the ore car (reverse method), hand-dressing stone and waste rock were weighed, and the mean value; if a known number of tub When the number of cars is multiplied by the average, the amount of ore is collected, and the amount of waste rock mixed is collected, and the total amount is obtained after the total. In order to avoid confusion between primary and secondary depletion or the mixing rate of primary and secondary waste rock, hand selection can also be carried out in the stope. The unrecovered loss can be measured in the stope by measuring the area of ​​the unmined ore, and the depth is inferred; if the loss is the horizontal layer filling method or the empty field method, after the mining, the representative is selected on the floor of the stope. Sexual unit area, collecting lost ore, and then based on the total area of ​​the stop. The amount of ore mined can also be obtained by weighing in the ground (counting method). The actual mining amplitude and pulse width of the thin veins are measured and calculated on the sketch map or on-site, and the measurement interval is 2-4 m.
5.4 Management of ore depletion and loss
It is necessary to calculate and calculate the relevant parameters of depletion and loss of ore according to the stope (block section), ore body, middle section or step, well area (or open pit stop), and establish corresponding statistical accounts respectively; On the sketch of the face, it is necessary to accurately delineate the ore body; the ore and surrounding rock weight should be measured as much as possible; the calculation of the industrial ore reserve is based on the reserve quantity and is determined within the design specified range; the ore and surrounding rock grade It must be based on production sampling, and empirical data cannot be used; the average grade of ore produced can be determined by reverse method based on the amount of ore and metal.
Requirements for production records: The actual amount of ore to be mined should be filled according to the measured data; the grade of the ore should be determined according to the sampling of the mine or the funnel; the cumulative total can also be determined by the reverse method of the ore and metal.
The statistical requirements for the mining loss rate: the mine should be counted according to the uncollected losses and the collected losses, generally the former is the main. The ore loss rate and the metal loss rate are separately calculated. After the end of the stop mining, the original data calculated by the previous (stratified) must be sorted to calculate the total loss rate of the stope; the returning to the mining column and the residual mine should be calculated separately. The entire middle section or step recovery is completed, and the total loss rate of the entire middle or step industrial ore reserves is calculated.
Statistical requirements for mining depletion rates: The depletion rate statistical procedure is the same as the loss rate. For the actual depletion rate, the grade reduction rate should also be counted. When the harmful components are significantly affected, the increase rate of harmful components needs to be counted.
The main measures to reduce mining depletion and loss are:
A. Good geological data: Because accurate geological data is the only basis for the rational selection of mining methods, mining design and mining processes. The means are to strengthen production exploration, improve exploration level, thoroughly and accurately control the actual distribution of ore body shape, occurrence and ore quality, improve the reliability of reserves, and obtain the necessary and accurate geological data for production, which is to reduce mining depletion and The primary measure of loss.
B. Conscientiously implement mining technology: we must follow a reasonable mining sequence. If the mining order is violated, it will cause large-scale loss or depletion; we must implement the correct mining (exfoliation) technical policy, and explore and focus, prospecting ahead, timely Improve the accuracy of production; adhere to the principle of size, wealth, thickness, difficulty, and the near and near mining body; production planning needs to be combined with the long-term, to prevent one-sided pursuit of output value, output, profit indicators and indiscriminate mining, Short-term behaviors such as mining and abandoning poverty, causing waste of resources and shortening the life of mines.
C. Choose a reasonable mining method: good design, good overall design and single engineering design of mining production, design without strict approval, can not be delivered. Strengthen the quality management of the construction operation process, including engineering and ore quality management, and require good construction quality, eye-opening, charge blasting and mine management, and “three strong†(strong mining, strong mining, strong release) .
D. Strengthen the geological guidance and geological technology management of mining production, and do a good technical and economic demonstration of reasonable depletion and loss indicators. Strengthen the supervision and management functions of the local inspection and quality inspection departments, and strictly implement the design, construction, and acceptance system.
E. Use economic means to assess and manage production and depletion and loss indicators.
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