It is an indisputable fact that China’s auto industry is big but not strong. Among them, industrial policy is hard to blame. At this stage, the original automobile industry policy is affected by historical limitations, and adjustments and revisions are imminent.
I. Insufficiency of China's Current Automobile Industry Policy
China's automobile industry policy has emerged from the planned economic system, with regulatory features and a strong planned economy. The auto industry has implemented a strict market access system. The investment of auto companies, the establishment of joint ventures, and investment are subject to strict approval or approval.
In the automobile industry policy, the characteristics of replacing market selection with the government's judgment and choice are particularly evident. It is reflected in the government's choice of specific technical routes, specific products, and specific enterprises to support them. In the selection of industrial organization structure, production enterprise and enterprise scale, there is a strong “financial support and small limit†feature to achieve market concentration and the formation of large enterprise groups. This is essentially an attempt to replace the market concentration process and the survival of the fittest.
The automobile industry policy provides protection for incumbent large enterprises, leading to insufficient competition in the market. Under the current management system, enterprises and products that do not meet the entry requirements can enter the bulletin directory, and the National Development and Reform Commission has the final decision on the access of the auto industry. At the same time, large-scale automobile enterprise groups have obvious advantages in obtaining project approvals. For example, in the process of joint-venture approval, the state severely favors large-scale enterprise groups that are mainly supported by them. Smaller-sized auto companies have no chance to obtain joint-venture approval or joint ventures. The scope is greatly limited. In addition, the existing policy system also sets a very high entry barrier for potential entrants and non-sedan car companies entering the car industry. If the characteristics of Japan’s auto industry policy are “foreign protection†and “internal competitionâ€, the characteristics of China’s auto industry policy are not only “foreign protectionâ€, but also strictly control the market and restrict competition, and protect incumbent companies, especially It is a big company.
Under this policy model, the survival of the fittest mechanism is difficult to play an effective role, and companies lack sufficient competitive pressure. At the same time, auto companies are keen to obtain approvals, especially for keen approval of joint ventures, expansion of joint ventures, and expansion of production capacity. Domestic auto makers generally lack the pressure and motivation for innovation. Their ability to absorb and reinvent technology is not strong and they rely excessively on government protection. In addition, support for specific technology routes, linking R&D investment intensity, whether research and development of specific technology routes, and whether or not to produce specific products are linked to supporting policies, resulting in a large number of low-level repetitive studies, which are particularly evident in the field of electric vehicles.
II. Enlightenment of Japan and South Korea Automobile Industry Policy to China
Japan’s auto industry has been able to succeed, and industrial policy has played an important role. "External protection, internal competition" is the main feature of Japan's auto industry policy. “External protection†means that in a relatively long period of time, auto companies in developed countries in Europe and America are rejected from the Japanese market to provide a relatively loose market environment for the development of domestic companies; “internal competition†refers to The domestic market is open to all domestic auto companies, creating an atmosphere of fair competition. In 1961, the Ministry of International Economy and Development of Japan’s Ministry of Industry and Policy Development had proposed the idea of ​​the “three major corporations†to build eight automakers at the time into three groups and ban other companies from entering the auto industry. However, under the strong opposition of the industry, this policy was not implemented at the end, thus establishing the idea of ​​“competing with domestic competitionâ€.
In 1978, the Japanese government implemented the most stringent energy efficiency, emission, and noise standards in the world at the time, forcing automakers to improve and innovate production technologies. This has largely contributed to the Japanese auto companies' low energy consumption, low emissions, and reduced weight. The formation of technical advantages.
Look at Korea again. Before the 1990s, South Korea had adopted a policy model that restricted access and support for large companies in the development of the automotive industry. However, whether the South Korean government adopts key support for an auto company depends on the company’s performance in the international market and its performance is poor. The government will cancel its support policy and force auto companies to participate in international competition. Through experience in the international market, Korean automotive companies have improved their quality and efficiency, and actively carried out technological innovations. After the 1990s, the South Korean government cancelled the access control of the automotive industry.
Third, the adjustment of the automobile industry policy
If China wants to move from a large automobile country to a powerful automobile country, it must improve the market competitiveness of its domestic auto companies. This urgently needs to adjust the orientation and focus of auto industry policies.
First, the orientation of China's auto industry policy should shift from “regulating the market and restricting competition†to deregulation and maintaining fair competition, and then creating a good external environment for the development of the auto industry. The government should take all unnecessary approvals or approvals outside of safety, emissions, and energy efficiency.
Secondly, the focus of industrial policy should be on the universal support for the R&D activities of automobile companies, and establish and improve multi-level talents for the automotive industry (including high-caliber industrial skilled workers, outstanding engineers, technological innovation and R&D leaders, with an international perspective. The training system for high-quality management talents strongly supports the research and development and diffusion of automotive general and basic technologies.
Thirdly, China’s automobile industry policy should also accelerate the promotion of standards for vehicle emissions, quality, energy efficiency, and safety, fully integrate the standards of developed countries, strengthen the protection of automobile consumers’ rights and interests, establish and improve corresponding systems, and increase the sales channels of automobiles and their parts and components. Competitive.
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